Oil and grease seals have a flexible lip that rubs against a shaft or housing to prevent the leakage or ingress of fluids and dirt. For proper installation, the seal lip should point towards the medium being contained. Some seals have a spring to help keep the lip in contact with the shaft.
Hydraulic and pneumatic seals include piston seals, rod seals, U-cups, vee, cup, and flange packings. Hydraulic seals are designed for the reciprocating motion that is common in hydraulic and pneumatic applications, such as cylinders.
Exclusion seals are comprised of wipers, scrapers and V-rings seals. Wipers and scrapers are used in conjunction with sliding or reciprocating motion while V-rings are used in conjunction with rotating motion.
There are many different styles of clearance, or labyrinth seals. The one thing they all have in common is that they all operate on a principle of positive clearance (i.e., no rubbing against the shaft or housing). Many labyrinth seals are comprised of a rotor (rotating) and stator (stationary) member with a radial gap between the two members. The gap must be larger than the radial clearance of the bearing being sealed. In addition, the operating speed and temperature must be considered when using a labyrinth seal. These seals generally do not perform well at low operating speeds. Another form of labyrinth seal is a laminar sealing ring, which uses a series of flat metal washer-like rings of varying diameters to create a labyrinth seal.
Bearing isolators are dynamic seals designed to protect bearings from outside contaminants. They are comprised of a rotor (rotating) and stator (stationary) member. Some bearing isolators are of labyrinth construction while others use O-rings or other positive seals.
Metallic piston rings are used for sealing cylinders. They are desirable because they have a higher working temperature than elastomeric, fabric, or polymer materials. Piston rings are available in a variety of configurations, including compression rings, split rings, and cord rings.
A back-up ring is a washer-like device that is used to prevent a seal from extruding through any gaps while under pressure. The seal is installed in the downstream side of the gland.
Other unlisted, specialized, or proprietary configuration.
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Piston seals are radial seals. The seal is fit onto a shaft with the sealing lip contacting the housing bore. V-rings are considered external lip seals.
An axial seal seals axially against a housing or machine component.
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This dimension refers to the radial cross section of the seal. This dimension is commonly used for seals such as V-rings, back-up rings, piston rings, and pipe seals.
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This is the full required range of ambient operating temperature.
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Sealing Element or Lip Material
Many seal manufacturers use their own proprietary material. Where possible, these materials have been categorized into the generic equivalent or material family. Consult with manufacturer for proprietary material specifications.
A polymer is a solid, nonmetallic compound of high molecular weight the structure of which is composed of small repeat units (mers). Plastics and elastomers are polymers.
Ethylene acrylic compounds provide high-heat aging resistance while providing good physical properties. They offer a high degree of oil, ozone, UV, and weather resistance along with good low temperature flexibility. Suggested operating temperature (-20° to 300° F). Manufactured under the trade name Vamac® by DuPont Dow Elastomers.
Good resistance to sunlight, weathering and ozone. It has poor resistance to petroleum oils and fuel. Good heat and compression set resistance. Suggested operating temperature (-70° to 275° F). Trade names include Nordel® (DuPont Dow Elastomers), Vistalon® (ExxonMobil Chemical), Epsyn® (DSM Elastomers), Royalene® (Uniroyal Chemical), and Epcar® (B.F. Goodrich).
A range of fluoropolymer elastomers whose formulation can be tailored to a reasonable extent to meet the needs of individual end-uses. They are normally black and have high heat, oil and chemical resistance but indifferent low temperature performance. With the exception of Kalrez® perfluorinated elastomer, they are about the most highly temperature resistant of all commercially available elastomers. Trade names include Viton® (DuPont Dow Elastomers), Fluorel® & AflasTM (3M Corporation), and Technoflon® (Montedison).
The mechanical and physical properties are very similar to silicone. However, Flourosilicone offers improved fuel and mineral oil resistance but poor hot-air resistance in comparison. Suggested operating temperature (-100° to 350° F). Trade names include FSE® (General Electric Co.), Silastic® (Dow Chemical), and Sylon® (3M Corporation).
Good resistance to petroleum hydrocarbons and fuels. Widely used with most oils, hydraulic fluids, and alcohol. Many compound variations are available for specific applications. Suggested operating temperature (-30° to 275° F). Trade names include Breon® (BP Chemicals), Chemigum® (Goodyear), Hycar® (B F Goodrich), Krynac® (Polysar Ltd.), Nipol® (Zeon Chemicals), Nysyn® NBR, (DSM Elastomers), Paracril® (Uniroyal Chemical), and Perbunan® (Mobay).
Nitrile has good mechanical properties when compared with other elastomers and high wear resistance. Nitrile is not resistant to weathering and ozone. Suggested operating temperatures from (-40° to 300° F). Trade names include Therban® (Mobay), Tornac® (Polysar), and Zetpol® (Nippon Zeon Company).
Polyacrylate elastomers are well suited for use with extreme pressure (EP) lubricants and have high resistance to oxidation and ozone. Polyacrylates are not recommended for dry running applications. Suggested operating temperature (-25° to 350° F). Trade Names Include Cyanacryl® (American Cyanamid), HyTemp® (BF Goodrich), and Thiacril® (Uniroyal).
A synthetic rubber that resists degradation from sun, ozone, and weather. It performs well in contact with oils and many chemicals. Neoprene remains useful over a wide temperature range, displays outstanding physical toughness, and resists burning inherently better than exclusively hydrocarbon rubbers. Neoprene also offers resistance to damage caused by flexing and twisting. Suggested operating temperature (-45° to 230° F). Trade names include Neoprene (DuPont Dow), Baypren® (Mobay), and Butachlor® (Ditsugil).
PEEK is a high temperature resistant engineered thermoplastic. It has excellent chemical and fatigue resistance, and thermal stability. PEEK has superior chemical resistance, is inert to all common solvents and resists a wide range of organic and inorganic liquids. PEEK has a maximum continuous working temperature of 480°F and retains its mechanical properties up to 570°F in steam or high-pressure applications.
Acetal polymers are semi-crystalline. They offer excellent inherent lubricity, fatigue resistance, and chemical resistance. Acetals suffer from outgassing problems at elevated temperatures, and are brittle at low temperatures. Glass filled, and added lubrication grades are available, flame-retardant grades are not. Brand names include: Celcon (Hoechst Celanese), Delrin (DuPont), Thermocomp (LNP), Ultraform (BASF).
PTFE is an insoluble compound that exhibits a high degree of chemical resistance and a low coefficient of friction. It is sometimes marketed in proprietary classes of materials such as Teflon®, a registered trademark of DuPont Dow Elastomers.
Polyurethane is a diverse class of materials exhibiting good elongation, recovery and toughness properties. They are flexible and have good abrasion resistance. (NOTE: The urethanes of the plastics industry are so named because the repeating units of their structures resemble the chemical urethane.) Trade names include Texin® (Bayer), Adiprene® and Vibrathane® (Uniroyal Chemical), Estane® (B F Goodrich), Genthane® (General Tire and Rubber), Millathane®, and Pellethane® (Dow Chemical).
Natural compounds such as gum rubber (polyisoprene) and latex.
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Sintered bronze is a porous material, which can be impregnated with oil, graphite or PTFE. Not suitable for heavily loaded applications but useful where lubrication is inconvenient.
The term "cast iron" refers not to a single material, but to a family of materials whose major constituent is iron, with important trace amounts of carbon and silicon. Cast irons are natural composite materials whose properties are determined by their microstructures - the stable and metastable phases formed during solidification or subsequent heat treatment. The major microstructural constituents of cast irons are: the chemical and morphological forms taken by carbon, and the continuous metal matrix in which the carbon and/or carbide are dispersed.
Stainless steel is chemical and corrosion resistant and can have relatively high pressure ratings.
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Felt seals are primarily used with heavy lubricants and for the exclusion of dirt. The operating temperature range for felt is -65° to 200°F (-54° to 93°C).
The characteristics of leather include flexibility, toughness and resistance to abrasion. It is composed of high-strength interlocking fibers. There are two main advantages to using leather as a sealing material, its ability to absorb and retain lubricants and its effectiveness sealing against rough surfaces.
Other unlisted, specialized, or proprietary material.
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