An anchor nut expands a portion of its body to press tightly against the hole in which it is located. The expansion is caused by a bolt that tightens down on the nut.
A castle nut has a series of slots on one end and is held in place with a pin. Castle nuts are used in applications where vibration or motion could undo the nut. Castle nuts are also called slotted nuts.
Lock nuts are used to prevent another nut or threaded component from loosening. A lock nut typically has a nylon or plastic insert in the threads that captures and holds the screw or bolt.
A nylon insert nut uses a plastic insert to capture the bolt or screw. Nylon insert nuts are used in applications where vibration or motion could loosen or undo the nut.
A pallet nut is a captive nut that digs into the pallet material to hold fast. Pallet nuts have a large flange. A portion of the body near the flange is larger in diameter than the regular threaded section. Pallet nuts can be pressed into place or drawn in as the bolt is tightened.
A push nut is a non-threaded fastener that is pushed onto an axle or other non-threaded rod. These fasteners push on easily, but are difficult to remove.
Round nuts are shaped like cylinders and can be tightened in several different ways. They can be tightened with a wrench that fits into parallel slots on the outside wall, an Allen key that fits into one end of the nut, or a wrench that fits a nut's hex-shaped sides.
A self-clinching nut is pressed into a hole and holds fast against the wall by the force exerted upon it. Self-clinching nuts are used in applications where the sheet metal is too thin to be tapped for threads. Self-clinching nuts are sometimes called press nuts.
A tee nut is a threaded barrel with a pronged flange at one end. The prongs embed themselves into the surface that is held as force is applied to the nut. Tee nuts are also called blind nuts.
U-type nuts are specialty nuts used on rack-mounted equipment. The nut is integral with the mounting and has a tight U-shaped clip that presses on thin sheet metal.
Other unlisted, specialized or proprietary types of nuts.
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Aluminum is a bluish, silver-white, malleable, ductile, light, trivalent, metallic element that has good electrical and thermal conductivity, high reflectivity, and resistance to oxidation. Aluminum is lighter than steel, but not as strong.
Brass provides good strength, excellent high-temperature ductility, reasonable cold ductility, good conductivity, excellent corrosion resistance, good bearing properties and low magnetic permeability.
A copper base alloy is a metal with copper as the main alloying metal and one or more other metals, such as tin, zinc, or phosphorus. Silicon bronze is a typical fastener alloy.
Copper is a common, reddish, metallic element that is both ductile and malleable. Copper is one of the best conductors of heat and electricity. It also exhibits good corrosion resistance.
Inconel® and Incoloy® (Special Metals Corporation) provide good strength and excellent resistance to oxidation and carbonization in high temperatures environments, and in many aqueous environments. These proprietary materials are used in process piping, heat exchangers, heating element sheathing and nuclear steam generator tubing. Typically, Inconel and Incoloy are used at service temperatures below 650° C (1200° F).
Monel® (Special Metals Corporation) is a proprietary, high-strength material that offers resistance to a range of corrosive media such as seawater, hydrofluoric and sulfuric acids, and alkalis.
Steel is a commercial iron that contains carbon in any amount up to about 1.7 percent as an essential alloying constituent. Many grades of carbon and alloy steels are used as fastener materials. Steel may require coating for protection against corrosion.
Steel can be hardened in a number of ways. Methods include quenching techniques in oil and water, and passing the steel through induction chambers. During processing, the rapid cooling of steel freezes, traps and packs the carbon atoms inside the shrunken iron crystals. The resulting steel is very hard and brittle. Hardened steel is strong, but cannot absorb much shock or impact without breaking.
Stainless steel is chemical and corrosion resistant and can have relatively high stress ratings. Many grades are used in fasteners. Often, stainless steel does not require an anti-corrosion coating; however, most stainless steels cannot be hardened to the same degree as carbon steels.
Titanium is a hard, lustrous, silvery element that is relatively abundant in the Earth's crust. It is valued for its lightness, strength, and corrosion resistance. Titanium is used widely in the aerospace industry and in medical products such as replacement joints. When alloyed with other metals, especially steel, titanium adds strength and oxidation resistance.
Other unlisted, specialized, or proprietary metallic materials.
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Fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP) or fiber-reinforced polyurethane is a composite material with reinforcing fibers. It is stronger than many plastics which do not contain reinforcing additions. When made with polyurethane, FRP is a tough and wear-resistant material.
Nylon is a tough, resistant, general-purpose material. It comprises several grades of polyamides and has good pressure ratings. Nylon 6/6 is commonly used with fasteners.
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is a widely used material that has good flexibility, a smooth surface, and nontoxic qualities. Some grades are used in food and chemical processes because of PVC’s inert nature and good resistance to chemicals such as acids and alcohols. PVC brand names include ACP® and Dural® (Alpha Gary), Geon® (Geon), Benvic® (Solvay), and Flexalloy® (Teknor Apex).
Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) is a melt-processable fluropolymer. PVDF has similar properties to other fluropolymers, but provides better strength and lower creep. PVDF also offers good wear resistance and excellent chemical resistance; however, it does not perform well at elevated temperatures. Brand names include Kynar® (Elf AtoChem).
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is an insoluble compound that exhibits a high degree of chemical resistance and a low coefficient of friction. It is sometimes marketed in proprietary classes of materials such as Teflon®, a registered trademark of DuPont Dow Elastomers.
Synthetic rubber includes grades such as neoprene, silicone, and Norprene® (Norton Co.). Rubber fasteners are used in specialized applications for vibration damping and silencing.
Other unlisted, specialized, or proprietary non-metallic materials.
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Anodizing is a process for finishing aluminum alloys that uses the electrolytic oxidation of the aluminum surface to produce a protective oxide coating. The anodic coating consists of hydrated aluminum oxide and is resistant to corrosion and abrasion. Conventional coatings are 0.1 to 1.0 mils thick and are mostly transparent, but may be colored. Anodizing preserves the natural luster and texture of the metal. Anodized coatings are hard, durable, will never peel, and, under normal conditions, will never wear through. Standard and decorative colors are available. This category includes hard-coat anodizing.
Black oxide is a conversion coating that causes virtually no dimensional change. It is a uniform, continuous conversion of the existing metal to a black form of rust. Black oxide is used on components where tight tolerances are needed. It is used mostly as a decorative coating.
Chrome finish is an electroplated coating that is applied for purposes of lubricity, wear resistance, and decoration. Chrome provides a bright and highly reflective finish.
Galvanizing immerses clean, oxide-free iron or steel into molten zinc in order to apply a zinc coating that is metallurgically bonded to the iron or steel surface. The zinc coating protects the surface against corrosion in two ways. First, it shields the base metal from the atmosphere. Second, because zinc is more electronegative than iron or steel, the coating reacts with corroding agents, providing a longer service life for the part.
Gold plating provides total resistance to oxidation and corrosion. It is electrically conductive and can be alloyed with cobalt to produce a wear-resistant finish.
Phosphate coatings are applied via the chemical or electrochemical treatment of a metal’s surface. These corrosion-resistant coatings provide a surface for the improved adhesion of primers and paints.
Silver is the most electrically conductive plating finish. It is used in electronic fasteners for electrical conductivity and signal transmittance. Silver oxidizes rapidly, but resists corrosion.
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Dimensional and material standards for aircraft fasteners are developed by the Aerospace Industries Association (AIA) and/or its National Aerospace Standards Committee (NASC). All drawings and specifications have a NAS or NASM prefix. NAS is an acronym for National Aerospace Standards. NASM is an acronym for National Aerospace Standards, Metric.
Dimensional standards for aircraft fasteners are developed by the Aeronautical Standards Group. All drawings have a prefix of AN or MS. Products are suitable for army, navy, or air force use.
The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) B18 standard specifies all ASME B18 fastener products with a single 18-digit PIN code system. Approved by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and adopted by the U.S. Department of Defense, the ASME B18.24 PIN system is a self-contained code that covers 788 unique B18 fastener types from 72 ASME B18 source documents. The PIN code system is fully parametric, uniform across all fastener types, and is intended as a digital alternative to the traditional plain text fastener product callout prescribed in the "Designation" or "Ordering" section of the applicable source document.
Dimensional and material standards developed by the British Standards Institution. Standards are designated with a BS prefix. The British Standards International (BSI) Kitemark indicates that products are tested regularly against the requirements of an appropriate BSI standard, and that the manufacturer's quality system is assessed at least twice a year to ensure continued quality production.
DIN is an acronym for Deutsches Institut für Normung (DIN), a German national organization for standardization. Most metric fasteners are manufactured according to DIN standards. Although DIN predates the International Standards Organizations (ISO), DIN standards are being revised to more closely match ISO standards.
Ordering DIN fasteners requires three pieces of information: the DIN identifier, which defines the style of the fastener; the material (e.g., 8.8 Steel, 316 Stainless, Hastelloy C276); and the coating or plating (if any).
The International Standards Organization (ISO) is a worldwide federation of national standards organizations from over 100 countries. ISO's mission is to facilitate the international exchange of goods and services, and to foster cooperation in the spheres of intellectual, technological, and economic activity. ISO standards for metric fasteners are gaining recognition rapidly. They will probably become global standards.
Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS) is largely based on DIN; however, some standards have been modified to meet the needs of the Japanese market. Most of the fasteners used in electronic equipment manufactured in Japan comply with the JIS standard.
Fasteners meet standards developed by the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), a worldwide organization that establishes industry standards for the testing, measurement, and design of automobiles and their components.
Other unlisted, specialized, or proprietary fastener standards.
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